Batteries are portable energy storage devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. They are commonly used in a wide range of electronic devices, such as smartphones, laptops, and remote controls. Batteries consist of one or more electrochemical cells, which contain two electrodes - a positive electrode (cathode) and a negative electrode (anode) - separated by an electrolyte. When a battery is connected to a circuit, a chemical reaction occurs within the cell, causing electrons to flow from the negative electrode to the positive electrode, creating an electric current. The capacity of a battery is measured in ampere-hours (Ah) or milliampere-hours (mAh), which indicates the amount of charge it can deliver over a certain period. Common types of batteries include alkaline batt...